Hi Chris — the paradigm of technology as an augmenting tool has much going for it, and Kasparov himself recognises as much in the same book. But for IBM, it was an afterthought; a happy by-product that the chess community seized upon in spite of their win-at-all-costs attitude. Remember that May 1997 was alleged as a landmark moment for AI, inviting the lazy interpretation that computers must be gaining in human intelligence if they can beat us at chess.

If used appropriately, calculators and graphing tools can augment our mathematical capabilities. It’s a large ‘if’, because school maths seeks to mechanise students’ thinking, which influences the ways in which these tools are used (or not, as the case may be).